The Struggle of Good vs. Evil in J.R.R. Tolkien’s the Lord of the Rings Trilogy Essay Example

The Struggle of Good versus Underhanded in J.R.R. Tolkien’s the Lord of the Rings Trilogy Paper The Struggle of Good versus Underhanded in J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings Trilogy J. R. R. Tolkien is one of the most powerful dream authors ever. He has been alluded to as the â€Å"father† of present day dream writing. Tolkien was an English author, writer, philologist, and an educator at Oxford University. He has composed The Hobbit, The Silmarillion, the celebrated Lord of the Rings set of three, and then some. The Lord of the Rings has motivated writing, craftsmanship, music, film, videogames, and TV. In The Lord of the Rings set of three, Tolkien recommends that the finishes don't legitimize the methods. J. R. R. Tolkien was conceived on January third 1892, the offspring of Arthur and Mabel Tolkien. Arthur Reuel Tolkien was 31 years of age when he proposed to multi year old Mabel Suffield. She readily acknowledged, yet her dad was unsettled. He thought Mabel was too youthful to ever be hitched, so the wedding was procrastinated on for a couple of years. In 1891, the two at long last got hitched. Mabel’s father was not satisfied, he didn’t think the Tolkien family was adequate for the good Suffield family, yet he gave the couple his approval. Arthur’s banking business in England was not progressing admirably, so he chose to move to the city Bloemfontein, South Africa since it would be increasingly beneficial. Mabel wasn’t too excited about the move. In a letter to her family she considered Bloemfontein an Owlin Wilderness! Terrible Waste! (Doughan). They would wind up remaining there for some time. Arthur Tolkien composed the accompanying to his mom on January fourth, 1892: My dear Mother, I have uplifting news for you this week. Mabel gave me a wonderful little child the previous evening (3 January). It was fairly before time, however the infant is solid and well and Mabel has come through magnificently. We will compose a custom paper test on The Struggle of Good versus Fiendish in J.R.R. Tolkien’s the Lord of the Rings Trilogy explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on The Struggle of Good versus Detestable in J.R.R. Tolkien’s the Lord of the Rings Trilogy explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on The Struggle of Good versus Detestable in J.R.R. Tolkien’s the Lord of the Rings Trilogy explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The infant is (obviously) dazzling. It has excellent hands and ears (long fingers), extremely light hair, Tolkien eyes and particularly a Suffield mouth. All in all impact massively like an extremely reasonable version of its Aunt Mabel Mitton. At the point when we originally came to Dr Stollreither yesterday he said it was a bogus caution and advised the medical caretaker to return home for a fortnight however he was mixed up and I got him again around eight and afterward he remained till 12. 40 when we had a bourbon to drink karma to the kid. The young men first name will be John after its granddad, presumably John Ronald Reuel out and out. Mab needs to call it Ronald and I need to keep up John and Reuel†¦ â€Å"J. R. R. Tolkien :: Biography† So, J. R. R. Tolkien was conceived on January third. Despite the fact that his first name was John, almost everybody called him Ronald. South Africa could be a provoking spot for a little fellow to grow up. When Ronald was exceptionally youthful, he was nibbled by a tarantula. Later on, goliath arachnids showed up in his compositions (Tolkien, J. R. R. Fun Facts and Information). Mabel still detested living in South Africa. The Tolkien family arranged an outing to return to England, however Ronald’s sibling, Hilary Arthur Reuel was conceived, so they remained in South Africa for some time. When they wanted to return to England once more, Arthur got sick and said he would meet the remainder of the family when he showed signs of improvement. Around Christmas time, the Tolkiens heard that Arthur had contracted rheumatic fever and he would need to remain in South Africa significantly more. On February fourteenth, 1896, Arthur endured an extreme discharge, and passed on the following day. Mabel chose to move with the two young men to a modest house in Sarehole, and self-teach them until they were mature enough to go to King Edward‘s school. Tolkien figured out how to peruse when he was 4 years of age, and soon he figured out how to compose well indeed. He adored learning dialects. Since he adored anything having to do with words, his mom gave him heaps of books to peruse. His top picks were Red Indian books, Arthurian legends, George MacDonalds Curdie books, and the Red Fairy Book. At the point when Tolkien was youthful, the minimal expenditure being sent from Mabel’s father halted on the grounds that the family changed to Roman Catholicism. Tolkien was acknowledged at King Edward’s when he was eight years of age. Everything was going fine until Mabel was determined to have diabetes in 1904. By the late spring, she had the option to leave the clinic. Father Francis helped the family so they could remain at an administrative nation retreat house. In November, Mabel crumbled into a diabetic trance like state, and passed on the fourteenth. Ronald and Hilary were currently vagrants. Father Francis picked who the young men should live with. He needed to ensure he picked cautiously on the grounds that the greater part of their family were Protestant. Father Francis picked their auntie Beatrice Suffield to be their guardian. She had no strict alliance. While living with their auntie, Tolkien started to concentrate more dialects. Since he knew Greek and Latin, it allowed him the chance to contemplate Anglo-Saxon. He understands beowulf, which was one of his preferred stories. Tolkien truly cherished philology, the investigation of words. He started to make up his own dialects with his cousins. The principal language they made up was called â€Å"Nevbosh. † Tolkien needed to make a language with â€Å"Greek-style† words. He acquired a couple of Father Francis’s Spanish books, and the following language he thought of was â€Å"Naffarin,† which was intensely impacted by Spanish. Tolkien chose to go significantly further, and make an entirely different letters in order to make another dialect called â€Å"private lang. † Father Francis felt that the young men were despondent living with their auntie, so he sent them to live with another lady named Mrs. Faulkner. There was another outskirt at the house that Father Francis was unconscious of, a multi year old young lady named Edith Bratt. She was three years more established than Tolkien, and they wound up experiencing passionate feelings for. When Father Francis caught wind of the two, he precluded Tolkien to see her. Tolkien wasn’t insubordinate, and he additionally relied upon Father Francis for money related help, so he concurred. During this time Tolkien was attempting to get into Oxford University. He was occupied from taking a shot at his â€Å"private lang† and pondering Edith, so he didn’t get in. In his journal, on January first, 1910, he composed Depressed and as much in dim as could be. Lord have mercy on me. Feel feeble and exhausted (qtd in Doughan). Soon after, Tolkien and Edith chose to meet subtly. Father Francis caught wind of their gathering, and prohibited Tolkien from seeing her until he turned 21. Tolkien focused on his examinations to get his psyche off of Edith. In December he was prepared to retake the Oxford grant test. This time, he was acknowledged. During his first year of studies, Tolkien was extremely inspired by Germanic writing and Comparative Philology. One of his educators figured he would be keen on the Welsh language, and suggested that he study it. On January third, 1913, Tolkien at long last turned 21. He was presently liberated from the boycott of seeing or conversing with Edith. He composed a letter to Edith on his birthday requesting that her wed him. In her answer letter, Edith said she was at that point drew in to wed her friend’s sibling. Tolkien met Edith at a train station and persuaded her to sever the commitment and wed him. She said the main explanation she would wed the other person was on the grounds that she knew no other qualified youngsters aside from Tolkien, whom she thought didn’t love her any longer. Tolkien educated Father Francis concerning their commitment, and he gave the couple his approval. Edith changed over from the Church of England to Roman Catholicism for Tolkien. It was presently 1914, and World War 1 was beginning. Tolkien wasn’t too excited about doing battle, yet a couple of dear companions were enrolled, and he heard them may be able to be in a similar regiment, or even a similar contingent. So Tolkien enrolled, and went to armed force drills. In 1915, he finished his end of the year tests. Subsequent to getting his degree, he needed to take up obligations of being second lieutenant. He wasn’t with his companions as he trusted, and ordinary was discouraging. He wound up being designated force flagging official. Before the force headed out to France, Edith and Tolkien got hitched on March 22nd, 1916. They went on their wedding trip, yet Tolkien needed to leave England not long after to battle in France. When Tolkien showed up in France, he understood his entire armed force pack was missing, and he had a great deal of issues with obtaining and purchasing substitutions. He spent composing verse and tuning in to seagulls cruise by. Tolkien consistently stayed unharmed for the term of his administration. He got a letter from his old buddy Christopher Wallace that their companion Gilson had kicked the bucket. Tolkien had gotten channel fever, and was sent back to Edith in England. He got news from Christopher once more, about the demise of their companion Geoffrey Bache Smith. G. B. Smith’s final words to Tolkien were â€Å"May you express the things I have attempted to state long after I am not there to state them† (J. R. R. Tolkien :: Biography). These words enlivened Tolkien. He started to consider folklore and the dialects he made. He never preferred the way that England had no evident folklore, and he concluded he would make one. He started to compose â€Å"The Book of Lost Tales† which would wind up being The Silmarillion. On November sixteenth, 1917, John Francis Reuel Tolkien was conceived. He was named after Father Francis, and obviously Tolk

The Message and Method of Sharing Christ in Acts free essay sample

This paper is an investigation of the message in Acts from a Christian viewpoint. Accentuation on the extraordinary commission to share the gospel, utilizing models introduced in Acts. This paper depicts the Book of Acts, its significance, and the huge job it plays in Christianity. The paper takes a gander at the books significance from an authentic point of view, considering the occasions going on the planet during the time this book was composed, the writer of the book and the significance of ones faith in God. From the paper: The Book of Acts is one of the most critical books in the New Testament. It portrays the starting point of the congregation and the lives of the messengers who were liable for doing the incredible commission. Acts presents an incredible case of the Christian crucial, well as giving the motivation to finish that strategic. Christians are called by God to spread the uplifting news of Jesus Christ to all countries of the earth. We will compose a custom article test on The Message and Method of Sharing Christ in Acts or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The missionaries were dedicated to this crucial, would give their lives for it. This is the mission we as Christians are called to: To commit ourselves to the Lord and to carry his lost sheep into the overlap.

US Business Cycles

US Business Cycles Current Macro-Economic Conditions and the Business Cycle Home›Economics Posts›Current Macro-Economic Conditions and the Business Cycle Economics PostsIntroductionThe economists endeavor to unravel the location of the economy, and most importantly, its direction, with the aim of counteracting the possible future events in the economy that will be adverse. In case of a wrong turn in economical events, the economists often employ both fiscal as well as monetary tools in changing the economy’s course. The modern idea concerning economy has the feature of applying these tools (policies) in smoothing out and counteracting the cycle of the business. These policies have been successfully employed by economists to ensure that the U.S. firm dealings, altogether with the life of her citizens (working and saving in the financial markets) become more stable and less turbulent. In view of this, the crucial matters pertaining to U.S. economic recession are hereby covered in details (Gärtner , 2006).Housing market circumstances responsible for the market collapseThe housing bubble in the United States is that economic bubble having an effect on various sections of the U.S. housing market, including Alabama, New Jersey, Florida, California, New York and Illinois among others. In 2006, the peak in housing prices was experienced, while its decline was witnessed in 2007. This may not have still reached the bottom in 2010. As such it has a direct effect on the home valuations, while also greatly affecting the major stakeholders involved here, including mortgage markets, foreign banks, and real estate. This presents the case for the countrywide recession. Due to this therefore, it is important to investigate the circumstances in housing market that translated into the market’s collapse (Snowdon, 2005).DeregulationEarlier on, the sector of finance was highly regulated through Glassâ€"Steagall Act, separating commercial banks and investment banks. The act as well had strict l imits in relation to loans and interest rates from the banks. From 1980, significant deregulation by banks took root. The deregulation permitted products with potential risks to exists, for instance the adjustable-rate mortgages, hence creating housing bubble along with easy credit.Government-mandated loansBeginning with the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), Congress compelled banks to provide loans that they would otherwise not offer. This increased demand while gathering momentum after the exit of the then president Reagan from office. The white house forced the Federal Reserve, attorney general,   as well as all institutions having regulatory authority on banks to force the banks to make loans available for the African-Americans with low incomes (through the aid of racial statistics for determining the compliancy of the banks).Interest rates on MortgageDuring the upsurge of the dot-com bubble, the Federal Reserve significantly decreased interest rates hence spurring easy cre dit so that banks could make loans. In 2006, these rates had increased to 5.25%, decreasing the demand and increasing the payments made monthly for the mortgages with adjustable rates. The resultant effect was foreclosure as well increased supply, while further dropping the housing prices. In order to gain more than 1% return which was being offered by the Federal Reserve, the mortgages were sold to investors. While the risky mortgage percentage had gone high, the rating companies insisted they were top-rated. Hence, instead of housing drop being felt in limited regions, it became worldwide, leading to Wall Street and rating companies being blamed for misleading investors (Gärtner, 2006). Classification of macroeconomic indicatorsThe macroeconomic indicators are often classified according to their locality, their direction or their timing.   In as far as detailed classification is concerned, classification can be through the local indicators, the direction (encompassing procyclic, countercyclic and acylic indicators), and the timing. The one with the greatest concern here is the classification by timing. Classification by timing involves three categories as per the timing which they occur in the business cycles. These are leading, lagging and coincident indicators.The leading indicatorsThese are always indicators that experience a change in advance prior to a change in the whole economy. These are as such the economy’s significant short-term predictors. The returns from the stock market are always a valuable indicator. They always begin to go down before the whole economy declines and begin to flourish prior to a recovery by the whole economy (from slump). Some other valuable indicators include consumer expectation index, money supply, as well as building permits. The Conference Board ensures the publishing of a Leading Economic Index which is composite and which has ten indicators for the prediction of the U.S. economic activity 6 to 9 months in advance. I n 2008, the positive contributors, as seen among the leading indicators included real supply of money, the spread of interest rates, manufacturer’s new requests and demand for the consumer goods as well as the materials. The negative ones were average weekly claims for the unemployment insurance, building permits, and stock prices. The leading index recently stood at 102, compared to 100 in 2004 (Sullivan, 2003).The Lagging indicatorsThey are indicators that the whole economy changes before they do, and are often a year’s few quarters. An instance of the lagging indicator is the unemployment rate, since employment is likely to rise three quarters from a growth in the whole economy. In finance, the Bollinger bands represent a frequently used lagging indicator. As well, the profit received from any business is considered a lagging indicator since it shows the historical performance. This is also the same case with the improved satisfaction of the customer because it is derived fro m the past initiatives. The lagging indicators’ index has a monthly publishing from the Conference Board. It determines the index values from seven variables in economy. The components include average unemployment duration, industrial loan and outstanding commercial values, and Consumer Price Index change for services. Others include labour cost change per unit output, ratio of sales to manufacturing plus trade inventories, ratio of personal income to the consumer credit that is outstanding, and finally the prime rate averages that banks charge. The lagging index recently stood at 111.6, compared to 100 in 2004. Positive contributors here include average unemployment duration, labour cost per unit output changes and commercial as well as industrial outstanding loans. The negative one was the average of the prime rate that the banks charge. In February the index increased by 0.3 % while in January it was 1% (Ploeg, 2002).The coincident indicatorsThese indicators change approximatel y equally with the occurrence of the whole economy’s change hence providing valuable information concerning the economy’s current state. Various coincident indicators are in existence, ranging from Gross Domestic Product, personal income along with retail sales, to industrial production. The coincident index is applicable in finding out, after facts, peak as well as trough dates in business cycles. The coincident indicator index comprises four statistics. These are employee numbers on the non-agricultural payrolls, Personal income minus transfer payments, manufacturing along with trade sale, and industrial production. In 2008, the positive coincident indicators were personal income minus transfer payments and industrial production. The negative one was non-agricultural payroll employees. The coincident index recently stood at 107.1, compared to 100 in 2004.RecommendationsThe central focus of these suggestions is to stimulate the economic recovery, in addition to enabling America become a nation which is much stronger and with high prosperity rate. The recent economic crisis was the aftermath of several years of irresponsible acts in the government as well as the private sector. Therefore, while focusing on the future, several dimensions of the economic crisis must be confronted while a new dawn’s foundation for transparency as well as responsibility is laid.   Measures necessary include:Creation of jobsOne of the greatest priorities in confronting this crisis is returning Americans to work. This should involve an act that will promote job creation as it enables long-term investments in education, energy, healthcare, and infrastructure. This recovery plan has to ensure an increase in alternative energy production, modernization and weatherization of homes and other buildings, expand the broadband technology throughout the nation, as well as computerize health care system. As such, the recovery plan ends up creating or saving approximately 3,500 000 jobs a s it also invests in the priorities that create a sustainable growth in the economy (for the country’s future).Expanding OpportunityA great number of Americans live hopelessly, especially concerning a better future, let alone access to better family- supporting employment. In order to solve this problem, the government has to be deeply committed in creating ample opportunities for all people equally, so that all the Americans can have a hold on the middle class ladder. The expansion of opportunities will entail investment in strategies that make the work pay, expansion of affordable housing access, and assisting the low-income citizens build job skills to have a workforce excellence.The government also has to provide an act that involves broad investments so as to lessen the poverty caused by the economic crisis. The act should also ensure an increase in funds for job training, the summer jobs specifically for the young people, as well as other opportunities. It should also cater for a better income support, along with an increase for the recipients of unemployment insurance and state expansion incentives.Creating Financial Markets StabilityThe crisis has brought with it a great lesson on the impacts of institutions and financial markets on the working families. The government has to get the credit moving again for small businesses to recover and also hire workers, in addition to families being able to educate their children in college. The accountability as well as transparency on major agencies, especially Washington together with Wall Street, are also necessary and have to be facilitated. Steps have to be taken to make sure that the banks use the taxpayer assistance to enable lending while creating a sustainable growth in the economy. For long term plans, a new framework of regulations has to be created, that which holds the market players accountable for activities they carry out while preventing fraudulent activities (Gartner, 2006).Developing effective fiscal policyEffective fiscal policy is quite necessary in reviving the economy. Many years have seen Washington people being divided on whether the government is responsible for the problems or is the solution to the problems. However, in the previous eight years, mostly on the response of Federal Government to Hurricane Katrina; it is clear that bad governance is what disturbs the Americans. As such the government has to     eradicate wasteful redundancy, rationalize government procurement, restructure federal contracting as well as acquisition, place performance first, and use taxpayer dollars prudently on our huge entitlement programs (Mishkin, 2004).ConclusionThe macro-economic conditions are quite crucial in defining the development and future prospects in a given country, especially considering that this goes far much beyond national and regional boundaries, to a global level. As such, economists are keen to carry out various studies to ascertain the occurrence of future eve nts so as to avoid unwanted occurrences and plan for the best. Leading indicators can be use here to determine the chances of a particular economic situation occurring.

Bullying Among Other Children Becomes Serious - 897 Words

Bullying among other children becomes serious. Your child may be a victim of bullying without you even knowing. One in every four children are being bullied in their schools every day. Actions done by other children, could affect your child’s life in different ways, including thoughts of suicide. Bullying is aggressive behavior done by children that feel they are in control and make other children feel less than them, either by physical, verbal, cyber, or psychological and it continues to happen every day. When a bully decides to pick on a victim, it’s hard for the bully to leave the victim alone. There is a cycle of bullying that can’t be ignored. For example, children who have been abused, will more than likely abuse others, whether it is physically, mentally or emotionally. Physical bullying is an action of harassment done by name calling, stalking behaviors, and violent abuses such as hitting or intimidating the victim. Groups of kids may target a fellow classmate because of their size, special needs, less popularity, or low self-esteem. This could lead to a situation where they could be mocked, made fun of, and beat up by their classmates or other children in their schools. Physical bullying can end tragically and therefore must be stopped immediately as soon as it is seen, and reported to an adult. Verbal bullying is someone who uses language to gain control over the victim. This could include insults, threats, and being made fun of based on their appearance. VerbalShow MoreRelatedProposing a Solution Essay Bullying767 Words   |  4 PagesSolution: Bullying Bullying among American elementary, middle and high school students is a growing problem. Bullying has been defined many ways, by many people. One definition is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived imbalance of power. (stopbullying.org). 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The effect on global financial markets - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1656 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Introduction The effect on global financial markets erupted in the beginning of 2008 and it still prevails round the globe. When I was in India during 2008, I still remember the stock market shooting up by 4000pts in a single day and fell by 3000 pts a week later. I want to give an example, For the entire week Mr. Mukesh Ambani was the richest man in the world. This was caused due to the increase in supply of money. This was the period of Bull Market. During the 20th century United States was the supreme power in the economic institution and was orbiting around large corporations, even though they shifted from Fordism to Non-fordism. But today none of these large corporations play a major role, as the economic crisis has shattered the minds of the common man which has led to this downfall. Large financial institutions collapsed which has affected the lives of each and everyone. The United States of America was solely condemned responsible for the global economic meltdown. The entire globe was aff ected and banks were running out of debts. Banks couldnt give loans to its customers as the mortgage value on their properties was declining and there was a decrease in the rate of interest. This will be discussed in detail further, so the United States came up with a $700bn bailout package, to help all the countries to work on the crisis, which wasnt sufficient enough to come out of the recession. Between July 2007 and March 2009, the equity prices of global banks fell by 75%.That is a loss of market capitalisation of around $5 trillion. In the UK, banks equity prices fell by over 80%. Taken alongside falls in other asset prices, the loss of global wealth peaked at over $25 trillion, or almost 45% of global GDP. At that point, asset price falls in the UK and US were as large as during the Great Depression[1] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The effect on global financial markets" essay for you Create order Context In the mid 20th century the United States shifted from a manufacturing industry to a service based industry. This is where the change in the global economy triggered. Many people working in manufacturing industries started investing money in funds and became huge investors. So here we could see the change in the financial system. The financial crisis was triggered by, Firstly, the prevalence of high stakes in the financial markets with uncertainty and secondly, relates to financial innovations which go with de-regulation in financial markets.[2] The main cause of global financial crisis was led by Subprime mortgages and Collateral debt Obligations, Frozen Credit Market and Credit default swaps[3]. This was so severe that the entire system started to fall eventually. After the September 9/11 attacks the Federal Reserve decreased the interest rates to 1.75% but lags in the effect of monetory policy mean that much of the benefit of these cuts will not be felt until 2009[4]. Less interes t rates more the borrowings, so the investment banks started borrowing money from the Federal Reserve. Many investors with huge pile of money were looking out for a good investment, as they wanted more money. Countries from Middle East, India, China and Japan started borrowing money because of cheap credit. Abundance of borrowing led to abundance of credit, which in turn led to leverages.ÂÂ   It made quite a lot of good deals. Investment banks like Lehman Brothers started buying mortgages with this money and started selling them in order to make more money. Many investment banks got into home loans and mortgages. Bank of England warned 1.2m homeowners in the UK now faced going into negative equity if house prices continued recent sharp falls[5]. In the beginning loans were given to responsible home owners and eventually in went into non-responsible ones which led to default customers. When the prices of homes began to decline, the customers had houses which were less than the m arket value, so they started to forsake the property and became defaulters. The confidence level of the investors and lenders were completely disrupted and damaged by the fall in share prices. These investment banks had no money flowing but only had these worthless homes. Irrespective of long run losses there was a major problem in the payment system which led to freeze the credit market. Many major banks started pumping money into the market, a positive co-operation between all of them. Banks slashed their interest rates to stabilize the economy and revive the credit market. The smaller bank plays a major role, when larger banks start showing a sign of crisis. The slash in the interest rates was only a primary effect and it never had a psychological effect on people as they were trapped in fear of the economic meltdown. Banks could not fix the credit crunch policy because it had legal obligations to make profit and the general public had already made their decision and had taken a legal judgement[6]. Each and every nation has taken drastic measures to overcome the economic crisis. Today India has overcome this recession and currently the GDP is roughly about 7.2% and an Inflation of 9% which is very good. This is because India was trading very well within the country, but had a lot of issues while trading globally during the economic crisis. There was no cut in the interest rates as we still pay an interest of 11.2% on our education loans which is quite high than the normal rates. To avoid future crisis each and every country should have a control on their inflation and GDP. The UK government should adopt various measures in order to avoid another crisis is to minimise the lending and spending by the banks, households and the companies. If debts and taxes are high, it will persuade people from going against investing activities. Reducing service costs and taxes is another way to avoid debts, increasing them will only worsen the economy. Minimal interest rates from the banks will lead to minimal borrowings from the public, leading to gains in additional profit, and these profits can be saved as a reserve so that it stabilizes the economic condition of the country. One has to understand the effects of economical changes and act accordingly, so that the economy grows smoothly and comes to a saturation point. As told in the beginning, the cause was due to the increase in leverage by the investment banks, reducing the leverage and adding this money to the capital rather than investing or buying mortgages will help them to recover slowly. Reducing dividends t o the shareholders, redesigning debt policies increases the equity of the banks which will help the lenders and spenders. All these above factors will help in repairing the balance sheets of the firms. Accumulation of debts is one of the root cause, avoiding them will lead to a better condition. Andrew Haldane says that debt crises cannot be eliminated, but their frequency and scale might be moderated[7]. This can be done by restructuring the credit cycle even when the profits are moderate. A recent research in UK by the Bank of England suggests that the CPI Inflation increased by 2% in December[8]. As Ive heard from the general public, the inflation rate and the GDP have increased in UK so we can say that the economic crisis or the recession has finally come to an end. Conclusion The UK government should be alert and watch over each and every financial activity of banks and investing companies. Proper utilisation of taxes stabilizes the economy and helps in preventing from another crisis. Minimising on outsourcing of jobs leads to reduction on additional taxes. The world cannot visualise another steep growth in the manufacturing industry as many has shifted to service industry as there is a wide competition in the present market. Profit making should not be the prime motive always. To maintain and stabilize the finance driven economy it is essential to be socially responsible towards the global economy. Reference Banker explains markets failure, Taken from International Business Module, Blackboard. (online) [Accessed]28-02-2010 Crisis of credit Visualized video, available at https://crisisofcredit.com/ (online) [Accessed]28-02-2010 Global Financial Crisis, A Classic Ponzi affair by Sunanda Sen, Pg 2 available at https://isidev.nic.in/pdf/WP0812.pdf (online) [Accessed]28-02-2010 https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7694275.stm (online) [Accessed]28-02-2010 https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2008/0128_recession_prevention_furman.aspx(online) [Accessed]28-02-2010 The Debt Hangover, Speech by Andrew Haldane, Executive Director for Financial Stability, Bank of England. Dated: 27 January 2010 available at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/news/2010/007.htm (online) [Accessed] The Debt Hangover, Speech by Andrew Haldane, Executive Director for Financial Stability, Bank of England. Dated: 27 January 2010 available at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/news/2010/007.htm (online) [Accessed]28-02-2010 The Debt Hangover, Speech by Andrew Haldane, Executive Director for Financial Stability, Bank of England. Dated: 27 January 2010 available at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/speeches/2010/speech422.pdf (online) [Accessed]28-02-2010 1 [1] The Debt Hangover, Speech by Andrew Haldane, Executive Director for Financial Stability, Bank of England. Dated: 27 January 2010 available at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/news/2010/007.htm (online) [Accessed] [2]Global Financial Crisis, A Classic Ponzi affair by Sunanda Sen, Pg 2 available at https://isidev.nic.in/pdf/WP0812.pdf (online) [Accessed]28-02-2010 [3] Crisis of credit Visualized video, available at https://crisisofcredit.com/ (online) [Accessed]28-02-2010 [4] https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2008/0128_recession_prevention_furman.aspx(online) [Accessed]28-02-2010 [5] https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7694275.stm (online) [Accessed]28-02-2010 [6] Banker explains markets failure, Taken from International Business Module, Blackboard. (online) [Accessed]28-02-2010 [7]The Debt Hangover, Speech by Andrew Haldane, Executive Director for Financial Stability, Bank of England. Dated: 27 January 2010 available at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/news/2010/007.htm (online) [Accessed]28-02-2010 [8] The Debt Hangover, Speech by Andrew Haldane, Executive Director for Financial Stability, Bank of England. Dated: 27 January 2010 available at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/speeches/2010/speech422.pdf (online) [Accessed]28-02-2010

Emotional Intelligence Free Essays

Macro practice: â€Å"Social work practice aimed at bringing about improvements and changes in the general society. Such activities include some types of political action, community organization, public education, campaigning, and the administration of broad-based social services agencies or public welfare departments. † (The Social Work Dictionary) Some of the varieties of roles in macro practice include the following: enabler mediator, integrator/coordinator, general manager, educator, analyst/evaluator broker, facilitator, initiator, negotiator, mobilizer, and advocate (Kirst-Ashman and Hull). We will write a custom essay sample on Emotional Intelligence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Macro social work is the practice of helping people solve social problems and make social change at the community, organizational, societal, and global levels† (William G. Brueggemann). Given the above definitions, in your 3-4 page, double-spaced typed paper, develop the concept of macro practice relative to your chosen field of practice. Again, conceptualize macro practice as two things: (1) as a practice method with particular skills and, (2) conceptualized as a practice setting. As a practice setting, one could think of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services or the North Carolina State Office of Human Services as a macro setting, or one could think of the local county Public Health Department as those kinds of settings where the primary work is at the macro level. Social workers at these levels typically are not providing direct service to clients and carrying a caseload; there is no direct group intervention work, per se. You role might involve the development of policies being formulated, programs being developed, and even perhaps legislation being drafted by an MSW to help improve services and programs for people in the nation. Put yourself in the role of a social worker at the macro level and who is using macro practice skills to effect planned changed within the field of practice you selected. For example, you might be working at the Department of Health and Human Services and your job is to develop better programs and services for grandparents who are taking care of their grandchildren because the children’s parents are not able to care them for any number of reasons. You might be working in the Department of Veterans’ Affairs to ensure that family support services are included in legislation for disabled veterans wounded in Iraq. Discuss the individual social work skills needed, and also consider the organizational issues you’ll likely to encounter, in order to be a competent macro-practice level social worker. How to cite Emotional Intelligence, Papers Emotional Intelligence Free Essays string(239) " unique source of information for individuals about their environment, which informs and shapes their thoughts, actions, and subsequent feelings, and there is a growing view that emotion information can be used more or less intelligently\." Emotional Intelligence? Organizational Behavior Tamara Ramsey August 12, 2012 Abstract This paper examines how emotional intelligence and cognitive intelligence are associated with academic success and job performance. Emotional intelligence continues to pick up momentum in the world of business and academia. More and more research supports the concept that emotionally intelligent employees, managers, leaders, and companies produce noticeable business results. We will write a custom essay sample on Emotional Intelligence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Employers are now looking for emotional intelligence in their potential employees and leaders and utilizing assessments and directed interviews to assess a potential hire’s emotional intelligence skills. Research has shown that emotional intelligence skills are important to success on the job. The lack of emotional intelligence can break or significantly slow a professional’s career progression in today’s complex world. An individual with emotional intelligence definitely will be a part of the finest in this complex world and will have the ability to survive its ups and downs with dignity and grace, while successfully adding value in his/her professional and personal life. What is emotional intelligence? Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to perceive, control and evaluate emotions. This concept was firstly developed in 1990 by two American university professors, John Mayer and Peter Salovey and they concluded that, people with high emotional quotient are supposed to learn more quickly due to their abilities. In 1995 another psychologist named Daniel Goleman extended the theory and also made it well-known. In his articles and books, he argued that people with high emotional quotient do better than those with low emotional quotient. The term â€Å"emotional intelligence† debuted in several scientific articles written by John D. Mayer and Peter Salovey during the early 1990s. The researchers defined emotional intelligence as the compilation of four kinds of skills: perceiving and expressing emotions, understanding emotions, using emotions, and managing emotions. These insightful publications helped pave the way for the 1995 best-seller Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ and Working with Emotional Intelligence by New York Times behavioral science columnist Daniel Goleman, which brought emotional intelligence into the mainstream of business. According to Peter Salovey, chairman of the Department of Psychology at Yale University, â€Å"Prior to 1995, only other psychologists had heard of emotional intelligence. Goleman’s first book made the term a household word (Simmons, 2001). Emotional intelligence provides a significant contribution to our understanding of relationships in the work place. Mayer and Salovey’s conceptualization of emotional intelligence focused on emotional abilities that link emotion and cognition, while other definitions, for example Goleman’s definition, incorporate social and emotional competencies including some personality traits and attitudes. Mayer and Salovey’s model of emotional intelligence that encompasses (a) emotional awareness, (b) emotional facilitation, (c) emotional knowledge, and (d) emotional regulation. This model emphasizes that emotional intelligence is a multi-dimensional construct and that these four steps are iterative in that each of the abilities can contribute to enhancing other abilities. For instance, in reflecting on reactions during a crisis situation, an individual’s emotional self-awareness can contribute to a better understanding of the emotions involved (Jordan, 2004). Salovey and Mayer proposed a model that identified four different factors of emotional intelligence: the perception of emotion, the ability reason using emotions, the ability to understand emotion and the ability to manage emotions. . Perceiving Emotions: The first step in understanding emotions is to accurately perceive them. In many cases, this might involve understanding nonverbal signals such as body language and facial expressions. 2. Reasoning with Emotions: The next step involves using emotions to promote thinking and cognitive activity. Emotions help prioritize what we pay attention and react to; we respond emotionally to things that garner our attention. 3. Understanding Emotions: The emotions that we perceive can carry a wide variety of meanings. If someone is expressing angry emotions, the observer must interpret the cause of their anger and what it might mean. For example, if your boss is acting angry, it might mean that he is dissatisfied with your work; or it could be because he got a speeding ticket on his way to work that morning or that he’s been fighting with his wife. 4. Managing Emotions: The ability to manage emotions effectively is a key part of emotional intelligence. Regulating emotions, responding appropriately and responding to the emotions of others are all important aspect of emotional management. (Cherry, 2012) According to Salovey and Mayer, the four branches of their model are, â€Å"arranged from more basic psychological processes to higher, more psychologically integrated processes. For example, the lowest level branch concerns the (relatively) simple abilities of perceiving and expressing emotion. In contrast, the highest level branch concerns the conscious, reflective regulation of emotion† In the book Emotional Intelligence by Daniel Goleman, the central thesis that he tries to point out is that emotional intelligence may be more important than I. Q. in determining a person’s well-being and success in life. At first I didn’t know what Goleman was talking about when he said emotional intelligence, but after reading the book I have to say that I agree completely with Goleman. One reason for my acceptance of Goleman’s theory is that academic intelligence has little to do with emotional life. To me, emotions can be just as intelligent as your I. Q. There is the idea of academic intelligence having little to do with emotional life. Goleman states that, â€Å"Emotional intelligence is the ability to motivate oneself, persist in the face of frustrations, regulate one’s moods and keep distress from swamping the ability to think. (Goleman, 1995) I feel that academic intelligence gives you no preparation for the turmoil and opportunities that life brings. The funny thing is that our schools and our culture are still fixated on our academic abilities. Even though emotional intelligence is a new concept, the information that does exist suggests it can be as powerful as I. Q. T he past few decades have seen increasing interest in emotion research. Although much remains to be learned, agreement is beginning to emerge regarding the way emotion should be viewed. Emotions provide a unique source of information for individuals about their environment, which informs and shapes their thoughts, actions, and subsequent feelings, and there is a growing view that emotion information can be used more or less intelligently. You read "Emotional Intelligence" in category "Essay examples" A notion central to emotional intelligence theory is that individuals differ in their ability to perceive, understand and use emotional information, and this ability significantly contributes to intellectual and emotional well-being and growth. Emotional intelligence as a concept has prospered, in part, because of the increasing personal importance of emotion management for individuals in modern society. Indeed, researchers have commonly claimed that emotional intelligence predicts important educational and occupational criteria beyond that predicted by general intellectual ability. Emotional intelligence (EQ), intelligence (IQ), and personality are not connected. The three do not go together in any meaningful way. Emotional intelligence explains a fundamental element of your behavior that is unique from your intellect. You cannot determine someone’s IQ based on their EQ and vice versa. Intelligence is how quickly you absorb new information and it does not change throughout your life. Emotional intelligence is unique because it is a flexible skill that you can improve with practice. Anyone can develop a high degree of emotional intelligence (Unknown, 2012). Like IQ, your personality does not change. Personality is the style with which you approach the world: what motivates you and the people and situations that give you energy (versus those that drain it). One example of this is the tendency we all have to be introverted or extroverted. As we know, it’s not the smartest people that are the most successful or the most fulfilled in life. You probably know people who are academically brilliant and yet are socially inept and unsuccessful at work or in their personal relationships. Intellectual intelligence or IQ isn’t enough on its own to be successful in life. IQ can help you get into college but it’s EQ that will help you manage the stress and emotions of sitting your final exams. While some research has found emotional intelligence is positively correlated with academic performance the results have been mixed. In addition, it has been suggested that emotional intelligence can increase as experience increases for a â€Å"maturity† effect. Considering the mixed nature of literature on the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic performance, the concept warrants further research. Perhaps the studies that did not find a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and academic performance did not examine the sub factors of emotional intelligence or perhaps it was due to the scale that was utilized (Shipley, 2010). Goleman (1995) describes individuals with high emotional intelligence as having good interpersonal skills and interacting well with others. His description of these individuals infers they are gregarious and seek out others. In a similar vein, individuals with a need for affiliation evaluate themselves in relation to others and seek social approval. Goleman (1995) believes individuals with high emotional intelligence are ‘attuned’ to other people. In their decision-making, individuals with a need for affiliation are swayed by the needs of people and do not seek to hurt others or break relationships, so they are more comfortable in roles where they can act as an integrator. Goleman’s framework of emotional intelligence contains ‘building bonds’ as one of the competencies in the social skills cluster (Christie, Jordan, Troth, ; Lawrence, 2007). Goleman describes the individual with high emotional intelligence as goal-focused, personally effective, self-assertive, and possessing perseverance towards their goals. The controlling and channeling of our motions toward a goal is Goleman’s definition of the master aptitude of emotional intelligence. Goleman further defines these qualities by linking them to the concept of achievement drive. But it has been found that those with a need for achievement prefer situations where they are personally responsible for the outcome and where they can get performance fee dback in relation to how well they are doing on a task. Goleman considers achievement drive to be a subset of emotional intelligence (Christie, Jordan, Troth, Lawrence, 2007). Three of the most popular theories have to be taken into consideration. They are the theories of Mayer and Salovey, Goleman and Baron as shown in following table: Table 1: Emotional Intelligence Models Mayer and Salovey| Goleman| Baron| Perception, Appraisal and Expression of Emotions| Emotional self-awareness| Intrapersonal| Emotional Facilitation of Thinking| Managing Emotions| Interpersonal| Understanding and Analyzing Emotions, Employing EmotionalKnowledge| Motivating Oneself| Adaptability| Reflecting Regulation of Emotion to Promote Emotional andIntellectual Growth| Recognizing Emotions in othersHandling Relationships| Stress ManagementGeneral Mood| (Aruna, Suganthi, Samuee, 2011) In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in how emotional intelligence (EI) affects everyday life transactions. For example, it has been claimed that EI is an important factor in determining life success and psychological well-being. Another area of study where the effect of EI might be influential is occupational stress. Since stress is conceived mainly as an emotional reaction (usually negative) to various environmental stimuli, EI could be used as a framework, within which the individual could learn how to cope with it and how to control strong emotions. In one of the very few studies exploring this issue, it has been found that managers high in EI suffered less subjective stress, had better physical and psychological well-being, and demonstrated higher-in-role job performance (Nikolaou Tsaousis, 2002). Research such as that from the Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations demonstrates how emotional intelligence skills are instrumental in achieving success and business results. Emotional Intelligence (EI) and the type of personality are very strong predictors on behavior at work. Both these concepts are very useful in determining the suitability of a person to a particular job. An awareness of a person’s EI will help both the person himself as well as the organization to grow. Every employee needs to have a good relationship with his colleagues (namely boss, peer group, subordinates) as well as his customers / clients. Studies have shown that EI affects team or group performance. Investigating EI abilities, personality traits and work performance, a study found that EI abilities enhanced the effects of agreeableness on task and contextual performance indicating that individuals possessing a personality trait that predisposes them to get along with others, such as team player, are even more effective in task role as well as contextual role when they possess high EI abilities (Shaffer ; Shaffer, 2005). Emotional intelligence is said to influence one’s ability to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressures, clearly an important set of behaviors to harness stressful work conditions. Table 2: Work Benefits from Emotional Intelligence Factors| Workplace Benefits| Self-Regard| Builds better work attitudes and behaviors; better self-confidence leading to better performance. | Reality testing| Focuses on daily based real things happening. | Self-actualization| Inspire, encourage individual/team performance; bringing more life experience to the job. | Empathy| Understands feelings, duties and demands being placed on contemporaries creates consistent functioning; understanding others viewpoints helps make one group. Assertiveness| Encourages individuals to work more effectively and share ideas without any fears and act as a leader. | Emotional Self-Awareness| Lifts successful policy and leads to improved interaction among workers. | Impulse control| Knows rash actions can be costly; often stay away from mistakes by simply discussion time to stop and think. | Flexibility| High perform better in positions where tasks are dynamic and changing. Low, perform better at more defined tasks requiring reliability and consistency. Independence| People fluid thinking for themselves, yet still active listening to and utilizing ideas from others when appropriate. | Social Responsibility| Contributing to recognized departmental and company plans; being aware of the greater good you and your group can contribute towards benefits of society. | Optimism| Self-fulfilling prophecy: staff believing something is possible; often make it happen; optimistic attitude that wards off stress. | Problem Solving| Create viable alternative solutions, including a cost / benefit analysis / long-term implications. Interpersonal Relationship| Avoid communication related barriers within and between departments. | Stress Tolerance| Coping with reasonable amount of work pressures, establishing clear priorities, and meeting pragmatic deadlines. | Happiness| Boosts spirits / holistic performance| (Allam, 2011) An important new direction is in the use of emotional intelligence in institu tional effectiveness. EI assessment, intervention, and evaluation provide a valuable research perspective in studying both student performance and institutional effectiveness. Research studies in progress show a positive and significant relationship of EI skills and competencies to student achievement and retention. Research related to the characteristics that are sought by recruiters and prospective employers in graduating college students suggests that emotional intelligence (El) skills are as important as, if not more important than, job-related skills. Counselors working with college students, however, usually focus on career management and job search skills and neglect the development of emotional intelligence skills. Emotional intelligence seems to be an excellent framework to use in helping college students find a job and succeed in the workplace. More than ever, college graduates must have a wider array of skills and knowledge to become successful employees and citizen. Although job-related knowledge is critical, today’s college students need other skills to succeed in the workplace. Research suggests that many students finish college only to find that they are ill prepared for dealing with many aspects of their personal and working lives (Liptak, 2005). The theory of emotional intelligence (El) can provide a valuable framework for career counselors in higher education settings to use to help students be more successful in the workplace upon graduation. By using El skills as a focus, counselors can effectively integrate personal counseling with career counseling. Research indicates that interpersonal and intrapersonal skills are some of the most sought-after characteristics of new and prospective employees, even more so than job-related knowledge. These characteristics and skills, however, have been neglected in the literature in research, and in services provided by career counselors working with people transitioning into the workforce. EI seems to be an excellent framework to use in working with college students to help them be more successful in finding a job and in being successful on the job (Liptak, 2005). Managing your emotions will improve your work performance and develop good connections with others. Emotionally intelligent people are in tune with themselves and how they impact others. They can read others and the situation well, understand how they are affected by others’ emotions and behaviors, and can respond accordingly. As a manager or leader, using your emotional intelligence skills will mold productive and effective employees and teams, which will produce good business results and grow an emotionally intelligent organization (Kappesser, 2010). Everyone is born with some degree or level of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence can affect several factors in your life, such as: performance at work; your physical health; your mental health; and your personal relationships. Using your emotional intelligence can give you an edge in maximizing what you have in the way of appearance, IQ, education, and work experiences by reflecting on, identifying, and shaping any of these areas to bring about a positive impact or outcome. Emotional intelligence is believed to develop as you experience life and interact with others and your environment. In a normal course of a lifetime emotional intelligence tends to increase as we learn to be more aware of feelings, effectively handling distressing emotions, to listen and empathize. As one ages and grows in experience, their emotional intelligence will continue to increase as well. Bibliography Allam, Z. (2011). Emotional Intelligence at Workplace: A Psychological Review. Global Management Review, 71-80. Aruna, R. R. , Suganthi, L. L. , Samuee, A. A. (2011). Design of an Instrument for Evaluating Emotional Intelligence among Professionals. Advances In Management, 9-19. Cherry, K. (2012). What is Emotional Intelligence? Retrieved from About. com Psychology: http://psychology. bout. com/od/personalitydevelopment/a/emotionalintell. htm Christie, A. , Jordan, P. , Troth, A. , Lawrence, S. (2007). Testing the links between emotional intelligence and motivation. Journal of Management and Organization, 212-226. Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books. Jordan, P. J. (2004). Dealing with Organizational Change: Can Emotional Intelligence Enhance Organizational Learning. International Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 456-471. Kappesser, L. C. (2010). The Smart New Way to Get Hired. Indianapolis: JIST Works. Liptak, J. J. (2005). Using Emotional Intelligence to Help College Students Succeed in the Workplace. Journal Of Employment Counseling, 171-178. Nikolaou, I. , Tsaousis, I. (2002). Emotional intelligence in the workplace: Exploring its effects on occupational stress and organizational commitment. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 10(4), , 327-342. Shaffer, R. D. , Shaffer, M. A. (2005). Emotional Intelligence Abilities, Personality and Workplace. Academy of Management Best Conference Paper, 1-6. Shipley, N. L. (2010). The effects of emotional intelligence, age, work experience, and academic performance. Research in Higher Education Journal, 1-18. Simmons, K. (2001, April). Emotional Intelligence: What Smart Managers Know. Retrieved from American Society of Association Executives Web site: http://www. asaecenter. org/Resources/articledetail. cfm? ItemNumber=13040 Unknown. (2012). What Everyone Needs to Know. Retrieved from Emotional Intelligence: http://www. emotionalintelligence. net/ How to cite Emotional Intelligence, Essay examples

Quantitative Designs

Questions: 1. lMrat is an F-ratio? Define all the technical terms in your answer.2. IMat is eror variance and how is it calculated?3. Why would anyone ever want more than two (2) levels of an independent variable?4. lf you were doing a study to see if a treaEnent causes a s(;nificant effect, what would it mean if within groups, variance was higher than between groups variance? lf between groups variance was hQher than within groups variance? Explain your answer5. l/vhat is the purpose of a post-hoc test with analysis of variance?6. What is probabilistic equivalence? Mly is it important? Answers: 1. F-ratio and the technical terms F-ratio is the statistic used to test the hypothesis in ANOVA test. F-ratio is used to test whether the two variances are equal or not. F-ratio is defined as the ratio of the variance between the groups to the ratio within the groups. When the hypothesis testing is done using F-distribution, F-ratio is used as the statistic of the hypothesis test (Cardinal Aitken, 2013). F-ratio can also be defined as the ratio of the explained variance to the ratio of the unexplained variance (Gravetter Wallnau, 2016). F-statistic is mainly used when the samples follow normal distribution. F ratio is written as follows: F = MSB/ MSW, where MSB = mean sum of squares between the groups and MSW = mean sum of squares within the group. MSB = mean sum of squares between the groups is defined as the sum of squares of all the variables between each group. This is calculated by dividing the sum of squared differences on each group by the degree of freedom (Hayes Preacher, 2014). Here, the degrees of freedom are the (number of groups 1). The formula for MSB = SSB/ (n-1), where n is the number of groups and SSB is the sum of the squared differences between groups. MSW= mean sum of squares within group is defined as the total of squares of all the variables within every group. This is calculated by dividing the sum of squared differences of each observation from the mean of the data set by the total number of groups multiplies by one less number of observation (Imbens Kolesar, 2012). The formula for MSW = SSW/ n (a-1), where n is the number of groups, a is the total number of observations and SSW is the sum of the squared differences within group (Lomax Hahs-Vaughn, 2013). 2. Error variance and its calculation Error variance is defined as the variance of the residuals. Error variance gives the variance of the errors of the data set. It is measured by the sum of squares of errors divided by two less than total number of observations (RAO, 2013). This means that error variances give an idea about the deviation of the estimators from what is estimated (Mahboub, 2014). The error variance is calculated as follows: Error variance = i ( yi - yi^)2 /(n-2), where yi are the observations. The error variance gives an estimate about the errors from the calculation. It helps to know the properties of the errors (Ferreira et al., 2015). 3. Reasons for more than two levels of independent variables To compare the independent variables, the first criterion is to divide the independent variables into various groups or levels according to some common criteria (Draper Smith, 2014). The comparisons and analysis are done between and within these groups. It is necessary to have more than two levels of independent variables. This is because; there must be one group that is controlled. This group would be known as the controlled group. The controlled group would have all the required criteria satisfied by the observations of the group. Rest of the levels of independent variables would not have all the criteria satisfied by the observations. Each level would have one or more desired criteria missing from the level (Anderberg, 2014). This would help to compare each level with the controlled level and know the effect of the criteria. Having more than two levels of independent variables would help to know the effect of different criteria on the observed value and it would help to draw a be tter conclusion about the factors and their effects. The degree of effectiveness of the factors can also be calculated on having more than two levels of independent variables. The effect of the factor when it is correlated with other factors can also be calculated from the on having more than two levels of independent variables. Thus, it is important to have more than two levels of independent variables (Orlci, 2013). 4. Interpretation of the fact that if within group variance is greater than between group variance and vice versa. Within group variance and between group variance are the two most important calculations required for analysis of variance. These two types of variance play an important role in accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis. When the within group variance is more than the between group variance, then the F ratio would be small (Bruijn et al., 2014). This means that the null hypothesis of the problem would be accepted. On testing if the treatment had a significant effect, the null hypothesis was considered that there was no significant effect of the treatment and the alternative hypothesis was that the treatment had significant effect. If the within group variance was less than the between group variance then the null hypothesis would be accepted; i.e. there is no significant effect of the treatment. If the between group variance was more than the within group variance, then the value of the F ratio would increase. This would lead to the rejection of null hypothesis. On considering the a bove hypothesis, it can be interpreted that when the between group variance is larger than within group variance, the alternative hypothesis would be accepted and there would be significant effect of the treatment. 5. Purpose of post hoc test with analysis of variance Post hoc test is done only after a significant ANOVA test. On performing the analysis of variance if the F value is large, then the null hypothesis is rejected. This signifies that there is a difference in the means between the groups. This means that there is at least one group whose mean differs from the other group means. It would be needed to be examined which particular pair of group means shows the difference and which pairs do not show the differences. Post hoc test helps to identify these particular pairs of group means (Werdan et al., 2015). Post hoc test is used to identify the patterns and relationships between the pair of groups of the sampled population which would have otherwise remained undetected by different statistical methods. Post hoc test is an important part of multivariate hypothesis. Without post hoc analysis there would have been high chances of accepting false hypothesis (Feng Zhang, 2014). 6. Probabilistic equivalence and its importance No two individuals or groups are equal. The term probabilistic denotes that there is a equivalence in terms of probabilities. Precisely, probabilistic equivalence means that there would be a high chance of finding difference between the two groups. This means that the odds are known that the two groups would not be equal. Probabilistic equivalence is achieved by assigning the random variables randomly into two groups (Grzymala-Busse et al., 2014). Then the probability that the two groups would be unequal is calculated as there was a random assignment of the variables. This difference among the two groups is due to the assignments of random numbers which would be done to the two groups. On assigning the observations randomly into two groups, it was pre assumed that there would be equivalence among them so they are not expected to be equal. The importance of probabilistic equivalence is that there would be difference among the groups and their probability of this difference is found ou t using the probabilistic equivalence. Thus, this is probabilistic equivalence and its importance. References Anderberg, M. R. (2014). Cluster analysis for applications: probability and mathematical statistics: a series of monographs and textbooks (Vol. 19). Academic press. Bruijn, M., van Baaren, G. J., Vis, J., van Straalen, J., Wilms, F., Oudijk, M., ... Spaanderman, M. (2014). 740: Comparison of the Actim Partus test and fetal fibronectin test in combination with cervical length in the prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery in symptomatic women: a post-hoc analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology, 210(1), S363-S364. Cardinal, R. N., Aitken, M. R. (2013). ANOVA for the behavioral sciences researcher. Psychology Press. Draper, N. R., Smith, H. (2014). Applied regression analysis. John Wiley Sons. Feng, Y., Zhang, L. (2014). When equivalence and bisimulation join forces in probabilistic automata. In FM 2014: Formal Methods (pp. 247-262). Springer International Publishing. Ferreira, F. A., Jalali, M. S., Ferreira, J. J. (2015). Integrating qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and fuzzy cognitive maps (FCM) to enhance the selection of independent variables. Journal of Business Research. Gravetter, F., Wallnau, L. (2016). Statistics for the behavioral sciences. Cengage Learning. Grzymala-Busse, J. W., Clark, P. G., Kuehnhausen, M. (2014). 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